Small Animal Radiographic Techniques and Positioning

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Section 1. Theory and Equipment

1. Introduction to Digital Imaging

Definition and Principles of Digital Imaging

Digital Radiography

Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine

Picture Archiving and Communication System

Workstation Monitors

Computed Radiography

Direct and Indirect Conversion Radiography

Digital Image Processing

2. Principles of Film-Screen Radiography

X-ray Film Construction

Intensifying Screens

Common Principles of Film-Screen and Digital Radiography

3. The Radiographic System

Basic Component Overview

X-ray Tube

Fluoroscopy

Secondary or Scatter Radiation

Grids

Milliamperage and Kilovoltage

Technique Chart

Overexposure vs. Underexposure

Patient Log

4. Darkroom Maintenance and Film Processing

Darkroom Setup

Manual Film Processing

Automatic Film Processing

Automatic Film Processor Maintenance

Silver Recovery Cartridges

Safelights

Film Storage and Handling

Patient Identification Labeling

Care and Maintenance of Film Cassettes

5. Film-Screen and Digital Artifacts

Exposure Artifacts

Darkroom Processing Artifacts

Film Storage Artifacts

Digital Imaging Artifacts

6. Positioning Aids and Alternative Restraint

Safe Use of Restraint Devices

Sedated Patient Restraint

7. Radiation Safety

Health Physics

Radiologic Units

ALARA Concept

Section 2. Radiographic Positioning

8. General Principles and Terminology

Positioning Terminology

Room Setup

Patient Preparation

Horizontal Beam Views

9. Small Animal Positioning—Forelimb

Scapula

Shoulder

Bicipital Groove

Humerus

Elbow

Radius and Ulna

Carpus

Metacarpus, Digits

10. Small Animal Positioning—Pelvis and Hind Limb

Pelvis

OFA Imaging

PennHIP Information

Femur

Stifle

Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)

Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA)

Tibia and Fibula

Tarsus

Metatarsus and Digits

11. Small Animal Positioning—Spine

Cervical Spine

Thoracic Spine and Thoraco-Lumbar Spine

Lumbar Spine

LS Spine

Sacrum

Caudal Spine

12. Small Animal Positioning—Thorax, Soft Tissue Neck, and Abdomen

Thorax

Soft Tissue Neck

Abdomen

13. Small Animal Positioning—Skull

Cranium

Nasal

Maxilla

Mandible

Temporomandibular Joints

Tympanic Bullae

14. Exotic Pet Imaging

Avian

Small Mammals

Reptile

Section 3. Contrast Media and Special Procedures

15. Radiopaque Contrast Media

Types of Radiopaque Contrast Media

Ionic and Non-ionic Contrast Agents

Barium Sulfate

16. Special Imaging Procedures

Special Procedure—Esophagram (Static)

Esophagram—Fluoroscopic/Dynamic

Special Procedure—Upper GI

Special Procedure—Gastrogram

Special Procedure—Lower GI—Barium Enema

Special Procedure—Excretory Urogram

Special Procedure—Cystography

Special Procedure—Urethrography

Special Procedure—Vaginography

Special Procedure—Myelography

Special Procedure—Myelography—Avian

Special Procedure—Myelography—Rabbit

Special Procedure—Fistulography

Special Procedure—Arthrography

References

Webliography

Index